Akabvunza makumi matatu madhairekitori
Kudzima nzira:
1. Single liquid quenching -- kutonhora mukati me quenching medium, single liquid inodzima microstructure stress uye thermal stress yakakura, quenching deformation yakakura.
2. Double liquid quenching - chinangwa: fast cooling between 650℃~Ms, so that V>Vc, cooled slowly below Ms to reduce tissue stress.Carbon steel: water before oil.Alloy steel: oil before air.
3. Fractional quenching -- workpiece inotorwa uye inogara pane imwe tembiricha kuitira kuti tembiricha yemukati neyekunze yeworkpiece ienderane, uyezve maitiro ekutonhora kwemhepo.Fractional quenching ndiyo yeM phase shanduko mumhepo inotonhorera, uye kushushikana kwemukati kudiki.
4. Isothermal quenching -- inoreva kushanduka kwe bainite kunoitika munharaunda ye bainite yekushisa isothermal, ine kuderedzwa kwemukati kushushikana uye kuderera kuduku.Nheyo yekudzima nzira yekusarudza haifaniri kungozadzisa zvido zvekushanda, asiwo kuderedza kushungurudza kwekudzima kusvika kure. zvinokwanisika kudzivirira kudzima deformation uye kuputika.
Kemikari meteorological deposition inonyanya CVD nzira.Iyo reaction medium ine coating material elements inofefeterwa pane yakaderera tembiricha, yobva yatumirwa mukamuri yekupisa-yepamusoro-yekuita kuti ubate iyo workpiece pamusoro kuti ibudise yakakwirira-tembiricha kemikari reaction.Alloy kana simbi nemakomponi ayo anodururwa uye anoiswa panzvimbo yebasa kuti agadzire coating.
Hunhu hunokosha hweCVD nzira:
1. Inogona kuisa zvakasiyana-siyana zvecrystalline kana amorphous inorganic film materials.
2. Kuchena kwepamusoro uye simba rakasimba rekubatana.
3. Dense sedimentary layer ine maburi mashoma.
4. Kufanana kwakanaka, midziyo iri nyore uye maitiro.
5. High reaction tembiricha.
Kushandisa: kugadzirira marudzi akasiyana-siyana emafirimu pamusoro pezvinhu zvakadai sesimbi nesimbi, hard alloy, non-ferrous metal uye inorganic non-metal, kunyanya insulator film, semiconductor film, conductor uye superconductor film uye corrosion resistance film.
Physical and meteorological deposition: nzira iyo gasious substances inoiswa zvakananga pamusoro peworkpiece pamusoro pemafirimu akasimba, anozivikanwa sePVD method.Pane nzira nhatu dzinokosha, dzinoti, vacuum evaporation, sputtering uye ion plating.Kushandisa: pfeka zvipfeko zvinodzivirira, kupisa kuchinjika kuchinjika, corrosion resistant coating, lubricating coating, inoshanda coating yekushongedza coating.
Microscopic: mitsetse mapatani akacherechedzwa pasi pe microscopic erekitironi maikorosikopu, inozivikanwa sekuti kuneta mabhendi kana kuneta striations.Kuneta tambo ine ductile uye brittle marudzi maviri, kuneta strip ine imwe nzvimbo, pasi pemamwe mamiriro, mutsetse wega wega unofanana nekutenderera kwekunetseka.
Macroscopic: kazhinji, ine hunhu hwekutsemuka kwebrittle pasina macroscopic deformation inoonekwa kune yakashama ziso.Kutyoka kuneta kunosanganisira crack source zone, crack propagation zone uye final transient fracture zone.Iyo fatigue source area haina kufuratira, dzimwe nguva girazi rakajeka, nzvimbo yekuparira kuputika ibhichi kana ganda patani, mamwe matsime ekuneta ane nzvimbo isina kuenzana anofanana. arcs yepakati pedenderedzwa.Iyo microscopic morphology yenguva pfupi yekuputsika zone inotarirwa nehunhu hwekutakura maitiro uye saizi yezvinhu, uye inogona kuve dimple kana quasi-dissociation, dissociation intergranular fracture kana chimiro chakasanganiswa.
1 .cracking: tembiricha yekudziya yakanyanya uye tembiricha haina kuenzana;Kusarudzwa kwakashata kwekudzima svikiro uye tembiricha;Kupisa hakuna nguva uye hakuna kukwana;Nyaya yacho ine kuomarara kwakanyanya, kupatsanurwa kwechikamu, kuremara uye kusanganisa zvakanyanya;Zvikamu hazvina kunaka. yakagadzirwa.
2. Kusaenzana kwepamusoro kuoma: kusinganzwisisiki induction chimiro;Kupisa kusina kuenzana;Kutonhora kusina kuenzana;Kurongeka kwezvinhu zvakashata (banded structure, partial decarbonization.
3. Surface kunyunguduka: iyo inductor chimiro haina musoro;Zvikamu zviripo makona akapinza, maburi, zvakaipa, nezvimwewo;Kupisa nguva yakarebesa, uye nzvimbo yebasa ine makatsemuka.
Tora W18Cr4V semuenzaniso, nei iri nani pane yakajairika tempered mechanical properties?W18Cr4V simbi inopisa uye kudzima pa1275℃ +320℃*1h+540℃ kusvika 560℃*1h*2 nguva tempering.
Zvichienzaniswa neakajairika simbi inomhanya kwazvo, M2C carbides inowedzera kunaya, uye M2C, V4C uye Fe3C carbides ine kupararira kwakakura uye kufanana kuri nani, uye inosvika 5% kusvika 7% bainite iripo, inova yakakosha microstructure chinhu chepamusoro tembiricha yakadzikama. kushanda kwesimbi kurinani pane zvakajairwa zvakadzikama high speed simbi.
Kune endothermic atmosphere, drip atmosphere, mhepo yemuviri yakatwasuka, imwe mhepo inodzoreka (nitrogen machine atmosphere, ammonia decomposition atmosphere, exothermic atmosphere).
1. Endothermic atmosphere ndiyo gasi mbishi yakasanganiswa nemhepo mune imwe nhanho, kuburikidza necatalyst pakupisa kwakanyanya, reaction inogadzirwa zvakanyanya ine CO, H2, N2 uye trace CO2, O2 uye H2O atmosphere, nekuti maitiro anotora kupisa, inodaidzwa. endothermic atmosphere kana RX gasi.Inoshandiswa ku carburizing uye carbonitriding.
2. Mumhepo yedrip, methanol inonangidzirwa muchoto kuti iparare, uye chinotakura chine CO neH2 chinogadzirwa, uyezve hupfumi hunobva hwawedzerwa kuti carburizing; Yakadzika tembiricha carbonitriding, kudzivirira kupisa kunopenya kudzima, nezvimwe.
3. Iyo infiltration agent senge gasi rechisikiro nemhepo yakasanganiswa mune imwe chikamu chakananga muchoto, pakupisa kwakanyanya 900 ℃ reaction yakananga carburizing atmosphere.Ammonia decomposition gas inoshandiswa kune nitriding carrier gas, simbi kana isiri-ferrous simbi yakaderera tembiricha. Kudzivirirwa kwemhepo.Nitrogen - based atmosphere for high carbon steel or bearing steel protection effect yakanaka.Exothermic atmosphere inoshandiswa pakupisa kupisa kwe low carbon steel, copper kana decarburization annealing of malleable cast iron.
Chinangwa: Yakanaka ma mechanical properties uye kukanganiswa kuduku kwe ductile iron inogona kuwanikwa ne isothermal quenching mu bainite transition zone mushure me austenitizing.Isothermal tembiricha: 260 ~ 300 ℃ bainite chimiro; Iyo yepamusoro bainite chimiro inowanikwa pa 350 ~ 400 ℃.
Carburizing: kunyanya pamusoro peiyo workpiece mukuita kwekabhoni maatomu, pamusoro tempering martensite, yakasara A uye carbide, chinangwa chepakati ndechekuvandudza pamusoro pekabhoni yemukati, nekuoma kwakakwira uye nekupfeka kwakanyanya kuramba, pakati payo ine A. imwe simba uye kusimba kwepamusoro, kuitira kuti itakure kukanganisa kukuru uye kukwesha, yakaderera kabhoni simbi senge 20CrMnTi, giya uye piston piston inowanzoshandiswa.
Nitriding: pamusoro pekupinda kwemaatomu enitrogen, iko kuoma kwepamusoro, kupfeka kusagadzikana kuneta simba uye kusimba kwekupisa uye kuvandudzwa kwekupisa kwekushisa, iyo nitride, moyo wekupisa sorbsite, gasi nitriding, liquid nitriding, inowanzoshandiswa 38CrMoAlA. , 18CrNiW.
Carbonitriding: carbonitriding yakadzika tembiricha, kukurumidza kukurumidza, diki deformation yezvikamu.Iyo pamusoro microstructure yakanaka tsono tempered martensite + granular carbon uye nitrogen compound Fe3 (C, N) + zvishoma zvakasara austenite.Ine yakakwirira kupfeka kusagadzikana, kuneta simba uye kuneta simba uye simba rekumanikidzika, uye rine kumwe kusimba kwegora.Kazhinji rinoshandiswa mumagiya anorema uye epakati anogadzirwa nesimbi yakaderera uye yepakati kabhoni.
Nitrocarburizing: nitrocarburizing process inokurumidza, kuomarara kwepamusoro kukadzikira zvishoma pane nitriding, asi kuramba kuneta kwakanaka.Inonyanya kushandiswa kugadzira mold ine diki mhedzisiro mutoro, yakakwirira kupfeka kuramba, kuneta muganho uye diki deformation.General simbi zvikamu, zvakadai se sesimbi yekabhoni, alloy structural simbi, alloy chishandiso simbi, grey cast iron, nodular cast iron uye poda metallurgy, inogona kuve nitrocarburized.
1. Tekinoroji yepamusoro.
2. Nzira yacho yakavimbika, inonzwisisika uye inogoneka.
3. Upfumi hwemaitiro.
4. Kuchengetedzwa kwemaitiro.
5. Edza kushandisa michina yekugadzira nepamusoro mechanization uye otomatiki maitiro.
1. Kubatana pakati pekutonhora uye kupisa kwekugadzira teknolojia kunofanira kunyatsotariswa, uye kurongeka kwemaitiro ekupisa kupisa kunofanira kuva kunonzwisisika.
2. Gamuchira tekinoroji nyowani sezvinobvira, tsanangura muchidimbu nzira yekurapa kupisa, kupfupisa kutenderera kwekugadzira.Pasi pemamiriro ekuvimbisa chimiro chinodiwa uye kushanda kwezvikamu, edza kuita maitiro akasiyana kana tekinoroji maitiro akabatanidzwa pamwe chete.
3. Dzimwe nguva kuitira kuvandudza hutano hwechigadzirwa uye kuwedzera hupenyu hwebasa rebasa rekushanda, zvakakosha kuwedzera nzira yekurapa kupisa.
1. Nzvimbo yekubatanidza pakati peinductor uye workpiece inofanira kuva pedyo sezvinobvira.
2. Iyo workpiece inopisa nekunze kwemadziro ekoiri inofanirwa kufambiswa neinoyerera magineti.
3. Dhizaini ye sensor workpiece ine makona akapinza kuti udzivise mhedzisiro inopinza.
4. Offset phenomenon yemagnetic field lines inofanira kudziviswa.
5. Sensor design inofanira kuedza kusangana ne workpiece inogona kutendeuka kana inopisa.
1. Sarudza zvinhu zvinoenderana nemamiriro ekushanda ezvikamu, kusanganisira mutoro wemhando uye saizi, mamiriro ezvakatipoteredza uye nzira huru dzekutadza;
2. Tichifunga nezvechimiro, chimiro, ukuru uye zvimwe zvinhu zvezvikamu, zvinhu zvine hurema hwakanaka zvinogona kugadziriswa nemafuta ekudzima kana mvura-soluble quenching medium kuitira nyore kudzima kukanganisa uye kuputika;
3. Kunzwisisa chimiro uye maitiro ezvigadzirwa mushure mekupisa kupisa.Mamwe magiredhi esimbi akagadziridzwa emhando dzakasiyana dzekurapa kupisa achave nechimiro chiri nani uye zvivakwa mushure mekurapa;
4. Pamusana pekuvimbisa kushanda kwebasa uye hupenyu hwezvikamu, maitiro ekupisa kupisa anofanira kurerutswa sezvinobvira, kunyanya zvinhu zvinogona kuchengetedzwa.
1. Kukandira kuita.
2. Pressure machining performance.
3. Machining kuita.
4. Welding performance.
5. Kupisa kwehutano hwekugadzirisa kushanda.
Kuora, adsorption, diffusion nhanho nhatu.Kushandiswa kwesegmental control method, compound infiltration treatment, high temperature diffusion, kushandiswa kwezvinhu zvitsva kukurumidza kupararira, kupinza kemikari, kupinda mumuviri;Dzivisa workpiece surface oxidation, inobatsira kupararira, kuitira kuti maitiro matatu anyatso kurongeka, kuderedza nzvimbo yebasa kuti igadzire kabhoni nhema, mhanyisa maitiro ekuviga carburizing, kuve nechokwadi chekuti dhizaini yekushandura yakapamhama uye yakapfava yemhando yekupinza mutsetse; Kubva pamusoro kusvika pakati, kurongeka kuri hypereutectoid, eutectoid, hyperhypoeutectoid, primordial hypoeutectoid.
Wear type:
Adhesion kupfeka, abrasive kupfeka, corrosion kupfeka, kubata kuneta.
Nzira dzekudzivirira:
Zvekunamira, sarudzo ine musoro ye friction pair material;Kushandisa mushonga wepamusoro kuderedza friction coefficient kana kunatsiridza kuomarara kwepasi;Drerutsa kubata kunomanikidza kushushikana;Deredza kushata kwepamusoro.Nekupfeka kweabrasive, kuwedzera pakudzikisa kudzvanya uye kutsvedza kureba mukugadzira. yemafuta ekuzora mafuta ekusefa mudziyo kuti abvise abrasive, asiwo zvine musoro kusarudzwa kwezvinhu zvekuomarara zvakanyanya; Kuomarara kwepamusoro kwe friction pair materials yakavandudzwa nekupisa kwepamusoro uye kuomarara kwebasa.Pakupfeka zvinoparadza, sarudza zvinhu zvinodzivirira oxidation; Surface coating; Sarudzo ye corrosion resistant materials;Electrochemical protection; The stress concentration of tensile stress inogona kuderedzwa kana corrosion inhibitor yawedzerwa.Stress relief annealing;Sarudza zvinhu zvisinganzwisisi kuonda kwestress;Shandura mamiriro epakati.Kuneta kuneta, kunatsiridza kuoma kwezvinhu; kuchena kwezvinhu, kuderedza kuisirwa; Kuvandudza simba repakati uye kuoma kwezvikamu; Deredza kushata kwezvikamu; Kuvandudza viscosity yemafuta ekuzora kuderedza wedge chiito.
Iyo inoumbwa nehombe (equiaxed) ferrite uye yakakwira kabhoni dunhu A.
Common bhora retreat: kuwedzera kuomarara, kunatsiridza machinability, kuderedza kudzima kukanganisa kukanganisa kuparuka.
Isothermal bhora regression: inoshandiswa kune yakakwira kabhoni chishandiso simbi, alloy chishandiso masimbi.
Bhora rekutenderera kumashure: rinoshandiswa kabhoni mudziyo simbi, alloy chishandiso simbi.
1. Pamusana pekuderera kwesimbi ye hypoeutectoid, chimiro chepakutanga P + F, kana tembiricha yekudzima yakaderera pane Ac3, pachava isina kunyungudika F, uye pachava nenzvimbo yakapfava mushure mekudzima.Kune eutectoid simbi, kana tembiricha. yakawandisa, yakawandisa K 'inonyungudika, kuwedzera huwandu hwepepa M, nyore kukonzera deformation uye kuputika, kuwedzera huwandu hweA', yakawandisa K 'kunyungudika, uye kuderedza kusakara kwesimbi.
2. Kupisa kwesimbi eutectoid kwakanyanyisa, tsika ye oxidation uye decarbonization inowedzera, kuitira kuti kuumbwa kwepamusoro kwesimbi hakusi yunifomu, Ms level yakasiyana, zvichiita kuti kudzima kuputika.
3. Kusarudza tembiricha yekudzima Ac1 + (30-50 ℃) inogona kuchengetedza isina kunyungudika K 'kuvandudza kupfeka kuramba, kuderedza kabhoni yemukati mematrix, uye kuwedzera simba repurasitiki uye kuoma kwesimbi.
Kunaya kweyunifomu ye ε neM3C kunoita kuti kunaya kweM2C neMC kuve yunifomu mukati mechikamu chechipiri chekuomesa tembiricha, izvo zvinosimudzira shanduko yeimwe yakasara austenite kuita bainite uye inovandudza simba nekuoma.
ZL104: aluminium yakakandwa, MB2: deformed magnesium alloy, ZM3: cast magnesium, TA4: α titanium alloy, H68: brass, QSN4-3: tin brass, QBe2: beryllium brass, TB2: β titanium alloy.
Kutyoka kusimba indekisi yemidziyo inoratidza kugona kwechinhu kuramba kutyoka.Kana K1 & gt;K1C, kuderera kwekusagadzikana kwebrittle kutsemuka kunoitika.
Phase shanduko maitiro egrey cast iron kana ichienzaniswa nesimbi:
1) Cast iron is fe-C-Si ternary alloy, uye shanduko ye eutectoid inoitika munzvimbo yakakura yekushisa, pane pane ferrite + austenite + graphite;
2) Iyo graphitization process yesimbi yakakandwa iri nyore kuita, uye iyo ferrite matrix, pearlite matrix uye ferrite + pearlite matrix yesimbi yakakandwa inowanikwa nekudzora maitiro;
3) Iyo kabhoni yemukati yeA uye zvigadzirwa zveshanduko zvinogona kugadziridzwa uye kudzorwa muA yakawandisa renji nekudzora austenitizing tembiricha yekudziya, insulation uye kutonhora mamiriro;
4) Kuenzaniswa nesimbi, kureba kureba kwekabhoni maatomu;
5) Kupisa kurapwa kwesimbi yakakandwa haigone kuchinja chimiro uye kugoverwa kwegraphite, asi inogona kungoshandura iyo yakasanganiswa chimiro uye zvivakwa.
Magadzirirwo ekugadzira: kuumbwa kweA crystal nucleus, kukura kwe A zviyo, kunyungudutswa kweyakasara simende, iyo homogenization yeA; Zvinhu: kupisa tembiricha, kubata nguva, kumhanyisa kupisa, kuumbwa kwesimbi, chimiro chepakutanga.
Nzira: nzira yekudzora chikamu, kurapwa kwekupinda mukati, kupisa kwekushisa kwakanyanya, kushandisa zvinhu zvitsva kukurumidzira kupararira, kupinza kwemakemikari, kupinza kwemuviri.
Heat transfer mode: conduction heat transfer, convection heat transfer, radiation heat transfer (vacuum furnace pamusoro pe700 ℃ is radiation heat transfer).
Black organisation inoreva mavara matema, mabhandi matema uye mawebhu matema.Kuitira kudzivirira kutaridzika kwematishu matema, iyo nitrogen yemukati muchikamu chinopindika haifanirwe kunge yakakwira zvakaringana, kazhinji inodarika 0.5% inokonzeresa kune mavara matema tishu; Iyo nitrogen. kugutsikana muchikamu chinoputika hachifaniri kunge chakanyanya kuderera, kana zvisina kudaro zviri nyore kuumba tortenite network.Kuti inhibisa tortenite network, kuwedzera kweammonia kunofanira kuva pakati.Kana ammonia yemukati yakawandisa uye dova rechoto gasi richiderera, matishu matema anooneka.
Kuti udzivise kutaridzika kwe tortenite network, tembiricha yekudzima inodziya inogona kusimudzwa zvakakodzera kana iyo inotonhorera ine simba rekutonhora inogona kushandiswa.Kana kudzika kwemavara matema kusingasviki 0.02mm, kupfura peening kunoshandiswa kugadzirisa.
Heating nzira: induction heat quenching ine nzira mbiri dzekudzima kupisa panguva imwe chete uye kufambisa kupisa kunoramba kuchidzima, zvichienderana nemamiriro emidziyo uye zvikamu zvemhando.Simba chairo rekupisa panguva imwe chete rinowanzo 0.5 ~ 4.0 KW/cm2, uye iyo chaiyo simba rekudziya kwenhare. kazhinji inodarika 1.5 kW/cm2.Mapatsi marefu eshaft, tubular mukati megomba rinodzima zvikamu, yepakati modulus giya rine mazino akafara, zvidimbu zvemitsetse zvinogara zvichidzimwa;Giya hombe rinotora zino rimwe chete rinoramba richidzima.
Heating parameters:
1. Kupisa tembiricha: Nekuda kwekukurumidza induction yekudziya yekumhanyisa, tembiricha yekudzima i30-50 ℃ yakakwirira kupfuura yakajairika kupisa kurapwa kuitira kuti shanduko yetishu izere;
2. Kupisa nguva: maererano nezvinodiwa zveunyanzvi, zvinhu, chimiro, ukuru, nguva yazvino, simba rakananga nezvimwe zvinhu.
Kudzima nzira yekutonhodza uye yekudzimisa svikiro: Nzira yekudzima yekutonhodza yekudzima kupisa kazhinji inoshandisa kutonhora kwepfapfaidzo uye kutonhora kwekupinda.
Kupisa kunofanira kunge kwakakodzera nguva, mushure mekudzima zvikamu mukati me4h tempering.Common tempering nzira ndeyekuzvidzora, kupisa kwechoto uye induction tempering.
Chinangwa ndechekuita basa repamusoro uye repakati frequency magetsi ekupa mune resonant state, kuitira kuti michina itambe zvakanyanya.
1. Gadzirisa magetsi emagetsi ekupisa kwepamusoro-frequency.Pasi pemamiriro e7-8kV low voltage load, gadzirisa coupling uye mhinduro nzvimbo ye handwheel kuita chiyero chegedhi ikozvino uye anode ikozvino 1: 5-1:10, uye wobva wawedzera anode voltage kune sevhisi voltage, wedzera kugadzirisa magetsi paramita, kuitira kuti chiteshi chemagetsi chigadziriswe kune inodiwa kukosha, yakanakisa match.
2. Gadzirisa magetsi emagetsi ekupisa kwepakati, sarudza yakakodzera quenching transformer inoshandura reshiyo uye capacitance maererano nehukuru hwezvikamu, chimiro chekuomesa zone kureba uye inductor chimiro, kuitira kuti ishande mu resonance state.
Mvura, mvura yemunyu, alkali mvura, mafuta emuchina, saltpeter, polyvinyl doro, trinitrate mhinduro, mvura-inonyungudika quenching agent, yakakosha kudzima mafuta, nezvimwe.
1. Pesvedzero yekabhoni yemukati: nekuwedzera kwekabhoni yemukati mu hypoeutectoid simbi, kugadzikana kweA kunowedzera uye C curve inofamba kurudyi; Nekuwedzera kwekabhoni yemukati uye isina kunyungudika carbides mu eutectoid simbi, kugadzikana kweA kunoderera uye curve yeC inochinja kurudyi.
2. Pesvedzero yealloying elements: Kunze kweCo, ese masimbi maelement ari solid solution state anofamba akananga muTHE C curve.
3.A tembiricha uye nguva yekubata: Iyo yakakwirira tembiricha yeA, iyo yakareba nguva yekubata iri, iyo yakazara yakazara iyo carbide inonyungudika, iyo inokora iyo A tsanga iri, uye curve yeC inoenda kurudyi.
4. Kupesvedzera kwenyama yepakutanga: Iyo yakaonda mutsara wepakutanga ndeye, zviri nyore kuwana yunifomu A, kuitira kuti CURVE yeC ifambe zvakanaka uye Ms inofamba pasi.
5. Kupesvedzera kwekunetseka uye kunetsa kunoita kuti C curve iende kuruboshwe.
Nguva yekutumira: Sep-15-2021
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